What type of research tests a theory and gathers data to support it?

In the context of this question, applied research is characterized by its focus on practical applications and real-world problems, seeking to test theories in specific contexts. It usually involves the investigation of theories to gather empirical data that can confirm or refute those theories based on actual observations or experiments.

Applied research is designed not only to test theoretical frameworks but also to attempt to resolve specific practical issues. It provides actionable insights that can be used in various settings, making it essential in fields like education, healthcare, and policy-making.

While other forms of research such as quantitative, exploratory, or experimental research can involve testing hypotheses or theories, applied research's distinction lies in its direct application to real-world situations and its goal of solving practical problems using established theories. This direct connection between theory and practice is what identifies it as the correct answer in this context.